Ruadhaí Dervan

I'm a Senior Lecturer and Royal Society University Research Fellow at the University of Glasgow. I've previously spent parts of my career and education at the University of Cambridge (where I was a fellow of Gonville & Caius College), École Polytechnique, Université libre de Bruxelles and Trinity College Dublin.

My first name is pronounced "Rui" (the "dh" is silent, it's Irish).

I research complex geometry, which is roughly the intersection of algebraic and differential geometry. I'm interested in both the analytic and algebro-geometric sides of complex geometry, and at the moment most of my work lies somewhere between the two. Topics I'm currently interested in include Kähler geometry, K-stability, moduli theory, non-Archimedean geometry and geometric analysis, amongst others.

Thomas' notes and Székelyhidi's book (see also similar notes) are excellent introductions to my area, and Donaldson has written a compelling (but more technical) survey.

I am currently teaching the SMSTC course Riemann Surfaces.

My CV. My email address is ruadhai.dervan@glasgow.ac.uk. My office is 439, University of Glasgow Mathematics & Statistics Building.

If you would like to do a PhD in (complex) algebraic or differential geometry in Glasgow under my supervision, please contact me around November 2024. Similarly, please contact me if you might like to do a postdoc in Glasgow, and I can explain various funding sources.

Papers and preprints:

On divisorial stability of finite covers (with Theo Papazachariou) arXiv:2306.07141 (abstract)

Divisorial stability of a polarised variety is a stronger - but conjecturally equivalent - variant of uniform K-stability introduced by Boucksom-Jonsson. Whereas uniform K-stability is defined in terms of test configurations, divisorial stability is defined in terms of convex combinations of divisorial valuations on the variety.
We consider the behaviour of divisorial stability under finite group actions, and prove that equivariant divisorial stability of a polarised variety is equivalent to log divisorial stability of its quotient. We use this and an interpolation technique to give a general construction of equivariantly divisorially stable polarised varieties.
The universal structure of moment maps in complex geometry (with Michael Hallam) arXiv:2304.01149 (abstract)

We introduce a natural, geometric approach to constructing moment maps in finite and infinite-dimensional complex geometry. This is applied to two settings: Kähler manifolds and holomorphic vector bundles. Our new approach exploits the existence of universal families and the theory of equivariant differential forms.
In the setting of Kähler manifolds we first give a new, geometric proof of Donaldson-Fujiki's moment map interpretation of the scalar curvature. Associated to arbitrary products of Chern classes of the manifold-namely to a central charge - we then introduce a geometric PDE determining a Z-critical Kähler metric, and show that these general equations also satisfy moment map properties. On holomorphic vector bundles, using a similar strategy we give a geometric proof of Atiyah-Bott's moment map interpretation of the Hermitian Yang-Mills condition. We go on to give a new, geometric proof that the PDE determining a Z-critical connection - associated to a choice of central charge on the category of coherent sheaves - can be viewed as a moment map; deformed Hermitian Yang-Mills connections are a special case, in which our work gives a geometric proof of a result of Collins-Yau.
Our main assertion is that this is the canonical way of producing moment maps in complex geometry - associated to any geometric problem along with a choice of stability condition - and hence that this accomplishes one of the main steps towards producing PDE counterparts to stability conditions in large generality.
The birational geometry of GIT quotients (with Rémi Reboulet) arXiv:2301.09227 (abstract)

Geometric Invariant Theory (GIT) produces quotients of algebraic varieties by reductive groups. If the variety is projective, this quotient depends on a choice of polarisation; by work of Dolgachev-Hu and Thaddeus, it is known that two quotients of the same variety using different polarisations are related by birational transformations. Crucially, only finitely many birational varieties arise in this way: variation of GIT fails to capture the entirety of the birational geometry of GIT quotients. We construct a space parametrising all possible GIT quotients of all birational models of the variety in a simple and natural way, which captures the entirety of the birational geometry of GIT quotients in a precise sense. It yields in particular a compactification of a birational analogue of the set of stable orbits of the variety.
Ding stability and Kähler-Einstein metrics on manifolds with big anticanonical class (with Rémi Reboulet) arXiv:2209.08952 (abstract)

We introduce a notion of uniform Ding stability for a projective manifold with big anticanonical class, and prove that the existence of a unique Kähler-Einstein metric on such a manifold implies uniform Ding stability. The main new techniques are to develop a general theory of Deligne functionals - and corresponding slope formulas - for singular metrics, and hence to prove a slope formula for the Ding functional in the big setting. This extends work of Berman in the Fano situation, when the anticanonical class is actually ample, and proves one direction of the analogue of the Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture in this setting. We also speculate about the relevance of uniform Ding stability and K-stability to moduli in the big setting.
Stability conditions in geometric invariant theory arXiv:2207.04766 (appendix by Andrés Ibáñez Núñez) (abstract)

We explain how structures analogous to those appearing in the theory of stability conditions on abelian and triangulated categories arise in geometric invariant theory. This leads to an axiomatic notion of a central charge on a scheme with a group action, and ultimately to a notion of a stability condition on a stack analogous to that on an abelian category. We use these ideas to introduce an axiomatic notion of a stability condition for polarised schemes, defined in such a way that K-stability is a special case.
In the setting of axiomatic geometric invariant theory on a smooth projective variety, we produce an analytic counterpart to stability and explain the role of the Kempf-Ness theorem. This clarifies many of the structures involved in the study of deformed Hermitian Yang-Mills connections, Z-critical connections and Z-critical Kähler metrics.
Extremal Kähler metrics on blowups (with Lars Sektnan) arXiv:2110.13579 (abstract)

Consider a compact Kähler manifold which either admits an extremal Kähler metric, or is a small deformation of such a manifold. We show that the blowup of the manifold at a point admits an extremal Kähler metric in Kähler classes making the exceptional divisor sufficiently small if and only if it is relatively K-stable, thus proving a special case of the Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture. We also give a geometric interpretation of what relative K-stability means in this case in terms of finite dimensional geometric invariant theory. This gives a complete solution to a problem addressed in special cases by Arezzo, Pacard, Singer and Székelyhidi. In addition, the case of a deformation of an extremal manifold proves the first non-trivial case of a general conjecture of Donaldson.
Stability conditions for polarised varieties arXiv:2103.03177 (to appear in Forum Math. Sigma) (video) (abstract)

We introduce an analogue of Bridgeland's stability conditions for polarised varieties. Much as Bridgeland stability is modelled on slope stability of coherent sheaves, our notion of Z-stability is modelled on the notion of K-stability of polarised varieties. We then introduce an analytic counterpart to stability, through the notion of a Z-critical Kähler metric, modelled on the constant scalar curvature Kähler condition. Our main result shows that a polarised variety which is analytically K-semistable and asymptotically Z-stable admits Z-critical Kähler metrics in the large volume regime. We also prove a local converse, and explain how these results can be viewed in terms of local wall crossing. A special case of our framework gives a manifold analogue of the deformed Hermitian Yang-Mills equation.
Z-critical connections and Bridgeland stability conditions (with John McCarthy and Lars Sektnan) arXiv:2012.10426 (to appear in Camb. J. Math.) (video) (abstract)

We associate geometric partial differential equations on holomorphic vector bundles to Bridgeland stability conditions. We call solutions to these equations Z-critical connections, with Z a central charge. Deformed Hermitian Yang-Mills connections are a special case. We explain how our equations arise naturally through infinite dimensional moment maps.
Our main result shows that in the large volume limit, a sufficiently smooth holomorphic vector bundle admits a Z-critical connection if and only if it is asymptotically Z-stable. Even for the deformed Hermitian Yang-Mills equation, this provides the first examples of solutions in higher rank.
Valuative stability of polarised varieties (with Eveline Legendre) arXiv:2010.04023 (Math. Ann. 385 (2023) pp. 357-291) (abstract)

Fujita and Li have given a characterisation of K-stability of a Fano variety in terms of quantities associated to valuations, which has been essential to all recent progress in the area. We introduce a notion of valuative stability for arbitrary polarised varieties, and show that it is equivalent to K-stability with respect to test configurations with integral central fibre. The numerical invariant governing valuative stability is modelled on Fujita's beta invariant, but includes a term involving the derivative of the volume. We give several examples of valuatively stable and unstable varieties, including the toric case. We also discuss the role that the delta invariant plays in the study of valuative stability and K-stability of polarised varieties.
Uniqueness of optimal symplectic connections (with Lars Sektnan) arXiv:2003.13626 (Forum Math. Sigma. Vol 9 (2021) e18, pp. 1-37) (video) (abstract)

Consider a holomorphic submersion between compact Kähler manifolds, such that each fibre admits a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric. When the fibres admit continuous automorphisms, a choice of fibrewise constant scalar curvature Kähler metric is not unique. An optimal symplectic connection is choice of fibrewise constant scalar curvature Kähler metric satisfying a geometric partial differential equation. The condition generalises the Hermite-Einstein condition for a holomorphic vector bundle, through the induced fibrewise Fubini-Study metric on the associated projectivisation.
We prove various foundational analytic results concerning optimal symplectic connections. Our main result proves that optimal symplectic connections are unique, up to the action of the automorphism group of the submersion, when they exist. Thus optimal symplectic connections are canonical relatively Kähler metrics when they exist. In addition, we show that the existence of an optimal symplectic connection forces the automorphism group of the submersion to be reductive, and that an optimal symplectic connection is automatically invariant under a maximal compact subgroup of this automorphism group.
Moduli theory, stability of fibrations and optimal symplectic connections (with Lars Sektnan) arXiv:1911.12701 (Geom. Topol. 25-5 (2021), pp. 2643-2697) (video) (abstract)

K-polystability is, on the one hand, conjecturally equivalent to the existence of certain canonical Kähler metrics on polarised varieties, and, on the other hand, conjecturally gives the correct notion to form moduli. We introduce a notion of stability for families of K-polystable varieties, extending the classical notion of slope stability of a bundle, viewed as a family of K-polystable varieties via the associated projectivisation. We conjecture that this is the correct condition for forming moduli of fibrations.
Our main result relates this stabiility condition to Kähler geometry: we prove that the existence of an optimal symplectic connection implies semistability of the fibration. An optimal symplectic connection is a choice of fibrewise constant scalar curvature Kähler metric, satisfying a certain geometric partial differential equation. We conjecture that the existence of such a connection is equivalent to polystability of the fibration. We prove a finite dimensional analogue of this conjecture, by describing a GIT problem for fibrations embedded in a fixed projective space, and showing that GIT polystability is equivalent to the existence of a zero of a certain moment map.
Optimal symplectic connections on holomorphic submersions (with Lars Sektnan) arXiv:1907.11014 (Comm. Pure Appl. Math. Vol. 74 no. 10 (2021), pp. 2134-2184) (abstract)

The main result of this paper gives a new construction of extremal Kähler metrics on the total space of certain holomorphic submersions, giving a vast generalisation and unification of results of Hong, Fine and others. The principal new ingredient is a novel geometric partial differential equation on such fibrations, which we call the optimal symplectic connection equation.
We begin with a smooth fibration for which all fibres admit a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric. When the fibres admit automorphisms, such metrics are not unique in general, but rather are unique up to the action of the automorphism group of each fibre. We define an equation which, at least conjecturally, determines a canonical choice of constant scalar curvature Kähler metric on each fibre. When the fibration is a projective bundle, this equation specialises to asking that the hermitian metric determining the fibrewise Fubini-Study metric is Hermite-Einstein.
Assuming the existence of an optimal symplectic connection, and the existence of an appropriate twisted extremal metric on the base of the fibration, we show that the total space of the fibration itself admits an extremal metric for certain polarisations making the fibres small.
K-semistability of optimal degenerations arXiv:1905.11334 (Q. J. Math. Vol. 71 (2020) Issue 3, pp. 989-995) (abstract)

K-polystability of a polarised variety is an algebro-geometric notion conjecturally equivalent to the existence of a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric. When a variety is K-unstable, it is expected to admit a "most destabilising" degeneration. In this note we show that if such a degeneration exists, then the limiting scheme is itself relatively K-semistable.
Moduli of polarised manifolds via canonical Kähler metrics (with Philipp Naumann) arXiv:1810.02576 (video) (abstract)

We construct a moduli space of polarised manifolds which admit a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric. We show that this space admits a natural Kähler metric.
Extremal metrics on fibrations (with Lars Sektnan) arXiv:1712.05374 (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 120 (2020) pp. 587-616) (video) (abstract)

Consider a fibred compact Kähler manifold X endowed with a relatively ample line bundle, such that each fibre admits a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric and has discrete automorphism group. Assuming the base of the fibration admits a twisted extremal metric where the twisting form is a certain Weil-Petersson type metric, we prove that X admits an extremal metric for polarisations making the fibres small. Thus X admits a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric if and only if the Futaki invariant vanishes. This extends a result of Fine, who proved this result when the base admits no continuous automorphisms.
As consequences of our techniques, we obtain the following analogues for maps of various fundamental results for varieties: if a map admits a twisted constant scalar curvature Kähler metric metric, then its automorphism group is reductive; a twisted extremal metric is invariant under a maximal compact subgroup of the automorphism group of the map; there is a geometric interpretation for uniqueness of twisted extremal metrics on maps.
Stable maps in higher dimensions (with Julius Ross) arXiv:1708.09750 (Math. Ann. Vol. 374 (2019) no. 3-4, pp. 1033-1073) (abstract)

We formulate a notion of stability for maps between polarised varieties which generalises Kontsevich's definition when the domain is a curve and Tian-Donaldson's definition of K-stability when the target is a point. We give some examples, such as Kodaira embeddings and fibrations. We prove the existence of a projective moduli space of canonically polarised stable maps, generalising the Kontsevich-Alexeev moduli space of stable maps in dimensions one and two. We also state an analogue of the Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture in this setting, relating stability of maps to the existence of certain canonical Kähler metrics.
Hermitian Yang-Mills connections on blowups (with Lars Sektnan) arXiv:1707.07638 (J. Geom. Anal. Vol. 31 (2021), pp. 516-542) (abstract)

Consider a vector bundle over a Kähler manifold which admits a Hermitian Yang-Mills connection. We show that the pullback bundle on the blowup of the Kähler manifold at a collection of points also admits a Hermitian Yang-Mills connection, for Kähler classes on the blowup which make the exceptional divisors small. Our proof uses gluing techniques, and is hence asymptotically explict. This recovers, through the Hitchin-Kobayashi correspondence, algebro-geometric results due to Buchdahl and Sibley.
The Kähler-Ricci flow and optimal degenerations (with Gábor Székelyhidi) arXiv:1612.07299 (J. Differential Geom. Vol. 116 (2020), no. 1 pp. 187-203) (abstract)

We prove that on Fano manifolds, the Kähler-Ricci flow produces a "most destabilising" degeneration, with respect to a new stability notion related to the H-functional. This answers questions of Chen-Sun-Wang and He.
We give two applications of this result. Firstly, we give a purely algebro-geometric formula for the supremum of Perelman's μ-functional on Fano manifolds, resolving a conjecture of Tian-Zhang-Zhang-Zhu as a special case. Secondly, we use this to prove that if a Fano manifold admits a Kähler-Ricci soliton, then the Kähler-Ricci flow converges to it modulo the action of automorphisms, with any initial metric. This extends work of Tian-Zhu and Tian-Zhang-Zhang-Zhu, where either the manifold was assumed to admit a Kähler-Einstein metric, or the initial metric of the flow was assumed to be invariant under a maximal compact group of automorphism.
Relative K-stability for Kähler manifolds arXiv:1611.00569 (Math. Ann. Vol. 372 (2018), no. 3-4, pp. 859-889) (addendum) (abstract)

We study the existence of extremal Kähler metrics on Kähler manifolds. After introducing a notion of relative K-stability for Kähler manifolds, we prove that Kähler manifolds admitting extremal Kähler metrics are relatively K-stable. Along the way, we prove a general L^p lower bound on the Calabi functional involving test configurations and their associated numerical invariants, answering a question of Donaldson.
When the Kähler manifold is projective, our definition of relative K-stability is stronger than the usual definition given by Székelyhidi. In particular our result strengthens the known results in the projective case (even for constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics), and rules out a well known counterexample to the "naïve" version of the Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture in this setting.

K-stability for Kähler manifolds (with Julius Ross) arXiv:1602.08983 (Math. Res. Lett. Vol. 24, No. 3 (2017), pp. 689-739) (abstract)

We formulate a notion of K-stability for Kähler manifolds, and prove one direction of the Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture in this setting. More precisely, we prove that the Mabuchi functional being bounded below (resp. coercive) implies K-semistability (resp. uniformly K-stable). In particular this shows that the existence of a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric implies K-semistability, and K-stability if one assumes the automorphism group is discrete. We also show how Stoppa's argument holds in the Kähler case, giving a simpler proof of this K-stability statement.
A finite dimensional approach to Donaldson's J-flow (with Julien Keller) arXiv:1507.03461 (Comm. Anal. Geom. (2019) Vol. 27, no. 5. pp. 1025-1085) (abstract)

Consider a projective manifold with two distinct polarisations L₁ and L₂. From this data, Donaldson has defined a natural flow on the space of Kähler metrics in c₁(L₁), called the J-flow. The existence of a critical point of this flow is closely related to the existence of a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric in c₁(L₁) for certain polarisations L₂.
Associated to a quantum parameter k>>0, we define a flow over Bergman type metrics, which we call the J-balancing flow. We show that in the quantum limit of k→∞, the rescaled J-balancing flow converges towards the J-flow. As corollaries, we obtain new proofs of uniqueness of critical points of the J-flow and also that these critical points achieve the absolute minimum of an associated energy functional.
We show that the existence of a critical point of the J-flow implies the existence of J-balanced metrics for k >> 0. Defining a notion of Chow stability for linear systems, we show that this in turn implies the linear system |L₂| is asymptotically Chow stable. Asymptotic Chow stability of |L₂| implies an analogue of K-semistability for the J-flow introduced by Lejmi-Székelyhidi, which we call J-semistability. We prove also that J-stability holds automatically in a certain numerical cone around L₂, and that if L₂ is the canonical class of the manifold that J-semistability implies K-stability. Eventually, this leads to new K-stable polarisations of surfaces of general type.
On K-stability of finite covers arXiv:1505.07754 (Bull. London Math. Soc. (2016) 48 (4) pp. 717-728) (abstract)

We show that certain Galois covers of K-semistable Fano varieties are K-stable. We use this to give some new examples of Fano manifolds admitting Kähler-Einstein metrics, including hypersurfaces, double solids and threefolds.
Non-reductive automorphism groups, the Loewy filtration and K-stability (with Giulio Codogni) arXiv:1501.03372 (Annales de l'institut Fourier 66 no. 5 (2016) pp. 1895-1921) (corrigendum) (abstract)

We study the K-stability of a polarised variety with non-reductive automorphism group. We associate a canonical filtration of the co-ordinate ring to each variety of this kind, which destabilises the variety in several examples which we compute. We conjecture this holds in general. This is an algebro-geometric analogue of Matsushima's theorem regarding the existence of constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics. As an application, we give an example of an orbifold del Pezzo surface without a Kähler-Einstein metric.
Alpha invariants and coercivity of the Mabuchi functional on Fano manifolds arXiv:1412.1426 (Ann. Fac. Sci. Toulouse Sér. 6, 25 no. 4 (2016), p. 919-934) (abstract)

We give a criterion for the coercivity of the Mabuchi functional for general Kähler classes on Fano manifolds in terms of Tian's alpha invariant. This generalises a result of Tian in the anti-canonical case implying the existence of a Kähler-Einstein metric. We also prove the alpha invariant is a continuous function on the Kähler cone. As an application, we provide new Kähler classes on a general degree one del Pezzo surface for which the Mabuchi functional is coercive.
Uniform stability of twisted constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics arXiv:1412.0648 (Int. Math. Res. Notices (2016) Vol 15 pp. 4728-4783) (abstract)

We introduce a norm on the space of test configurations, which we call the minimum norm. We conjecture that uniform K-stability with respect to this norm is equivalent to the existence of a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric. This notion of uniform K-stability is analogous to coercivity of the Mabuchi functional. We characterise the triviality of test configurations, by showing that a test configuration has zero minimum norm if and only if it has zero L²-norm, if and only if it is almost trivial.
We prove that the existence of a twisted constant scalar curvature Kähler metric implies uniform twisted K-stability with respect to the minimum norm, when the twisting is ample.
We give algebro-geometric proofs of uniform K-stability in the general type and Calabi-Yau cases, as well as in the Fano case under an alpha invariant condition. Our results hold for line bundles sufficiently close to the (anti)-canonical line bundle, and also in the twisted setting. We show that log K-stability implies twisted K-stability, and also that twisted K-semistability of a variety implies that the variety has mild singularities.
Alpha invariants and K-stability for general polarisations of Fano varieties arXiv:1307.6527 (Int. Math. Res. Notices (2015) Vol 16 pp. 7162-7189) (abstract)

We provide a sufficient condition for polarisations of Fano varieties to be K-stable in terms of Tian's alpha invariant, which uses the log canonical threshold to measure singularities of divisors in the linear system associated to the polarisation. This generalises a result of Odaka-Sano in the anti-canonically polarised case, which is the algebraic counterpart of Tian's analytic criterion implying the existence of a Kähler-Einstein metric. As an application, we give new K-stable polarisations of a general degree one del Pezzo surface. We also prove a corresponding result for log K-stability.

Postdocs:

Theo Papazachariou (2022 - present)
Rémi Reboulet (2022)

PhD students:

Mahmoud Elimam, PhD student at SISSA Trieste, co-supervised by Jacopo Stoppa (2023 - present)
Gabriel Frey, PhD student at the University of Glasgow (2023 - present)
Annamaria Ortu, PhD student at SISSA Trieste, co-supervised by Jacopo Stoppa (2020 - 2023)
John McCarthy, PhD student at Imperial College, co-supervised by Simon Donaldson (2019 - 2022)
Michael Hallam, DPhil student at the University of Oxford, co-supervised by Frances Kirwan (2018 - 2022)

Master's students and undergraduate research students:

Audrey Antoine, visiting M2 master's student from Université Paris-Saclay, co-supervised by Inder Kaur (spring/summer 2024)
Alexia Corradini, visiting M1 master's student from École Polytechnique (spring/summer 2022)
Ioannis Karagiorgis, undergraduate research, co-supervised by Theo Papazachariou (summer 2023)
Theresa Ortscheidt, undergraduate research, co-supervised by Theo Papazachariou (summer 2023)
Ho Leung Fong, undergraduate summer research student (summer 2021)
Qiangru Kuang, undergraduate summer research student (summer 2019)

Photos with Michael, John and Annamaria (Aarhus, June 2022) and Alexia and Rémi (Cambridge, August 2022).

I am organising a six-month programme titled New equivariant methods in algebraic and differential geometry along with several others at the Isaac Newton Institute in 2024. As part of this, I am organising the workshop K-stability and moment maps held there from May 13th to 17th 2024. I've previously conferences and workshops in Chicago (Around complex geometry), Cambridge (Cambridge complex geometry afternoon, 2022), Cambridge (K-stability and Kähler geometry, 2021), Newcastle (Newcastle complex geometry workshop, 2018), Rome (Moduli of K-stable varieties, 2017) and Cambridge (Postgraduate conference in complex geometry, 2015). The Rome conference has an associated conference proceedings, also edited by Codogni and Viviani.

I taught Part III Complex Manifolds in Cambridge in Lent Term 2020 and Lent Term 2019.

Pickles